Of the 1158 proteins in mammalian mitochondria, only 13 are synthesized within the organelle. The remaining 99.7% must be translated, targeted, transported, sorted, processed, and refolded within a specific compartment within the mitochondrion. Further, many cellular mechanisms of protein turnover, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, are not physically accessible to many mitochondrial proteins due to their sequestration within mitochondrial membranes. We are interested in how cells generate functional mitochondrial proteins, as well as how these proteins are turned over in normal and pathological states.